Who took your jobs away? The data doesn't lie
Is unemployment an instant crisis?
A truckload of data and research showcase that India is perennially short of jobs against its burgeoning supply of labour force. So, how did unemployment explode in the last five years while other demographic indicators — such as population growth, migration et al — have not deviated from their past trajectory?
Why does the latest NSSO survey show a drop in the male workforce in 2017-18 from what we had, say, five years ago?
To find the answers, we need to distract ourselves from the government’s apparent data denials and political rhetoric to digest the bizarre fact that world's fastest growing economy is now breeding the fastest unemployment growth in recent history.
Over the last five years, India has witnessed unprecedented job destruction due to a variety of complex factors amid a perpetual paucity of employment opportunities.
Devil's in the data
Recent job cuts are well reflected in the 'leaked' NSSO print. The data shows, in 2017-18, unemployment growth reportedly hit a 45-year high of 6.1%. Independent data agency CMIE also reported a record 7.2% surge in joblessness in February 2019.
Where is the official job data, you ask? It is unrealistic to expect joblessness data from the government as it seemingly lacks credible numbers even on job creation — consequently, delay in reporting job data and the denial of the ‘leaked’ data turned an obvious choice for the Modi government's mandarins.
On comparing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data with the jobs data of the past couple of decades, the unemployment growth rate has always stood in contrast with the GDP or economic growth of an economy. The unemployment growth rate seldom inches closer to the GDP growth rate — however, in the last five years, while the economy reportedly grew at a rate of over 7%, the unemployment growth rate hit 6.1%. Under the UPA govt, the unemployment rate was 2% vs the GDP growth rate of 6.1%.
Even rural wages being at a five-year low contradicts the high growth story. Statistics indicate that the unemployment rate could anywhere be between 15% and 20% because on average, 40% employees in India have salaries as low as Rs 10000-11000 per month.
'Hows' and 'whys' of job destruction
Post-economic liberalisation, this is probably the first five-year stint of a government when India has witnessed such a large scale of job cuts both in the organised and unorganised sectors, owing to various structural and disruptive factors.
In the organised sector, a host of large companies cut jobs due to a slump in demand in domestic markets, a pile of debts, takeovers and protectionist policies of major global economies.
In fact, the biggest job creators from the organised sector of the last decade — i.e., computers and banking services, telecom, e-commerce and retail construction — have gone through a slowdown and seen job cuts at various levels.
- Closure by the liquidation of indebted companies gained momentum as well under the fledgeling Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act. As per latest data of the ‘Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India’, a total of 1,198 cases have been registered under the insolvency process as of Q2FY19. As much as 56% of all closed cases to date were via liquidation (212 cases) of the corporate debtor. This remains a concern going forward as companies are being liquidated even in the presence of optimal resolution — thus leading to job destruction.
- The telecom sector — India's burgeoning job creator of yesteryears — has turned into a horrendous tale of job losses. As per industry estimates, nearly two lakh jobs were destroyed in the last four years due to consolidation and closures in the industry that still go on.
- In 2016, the notification of new rules for e-commerce prohibited e-com marketplaces from offering discounts. The government has also barred FDI in e-commerce companies that own inventories of goods and services and sell directly to consumers using online platforms. With the collapse of the discount business model, several start-ups have started losing angel funding and this has led to the closure of companies. Most major e-com start-ups of early 2015 are now closed or merged with biggies.
- Over the last five years, IT services, banking and financial services, pharmaceuticals, construction, exports and infrastructure are other key sectors that reported job cuts at various levels owing to technological disruption, a clampdown on outsourcing, mergers and acquisitions and economic slowdown.
The unorganised sector — which gives 85% employment in India — went through its first-ever mass attrition post-demonetisation and the implementation of GST.
How did demonetisation and a faulty GST turn a prime job creator into a prime job demolisher? Here are a few facts:
- A whopping 95.5% of India's 585 lakh business enterprises hold less than five employees as per the sixth Economic Census of 2014.
- Out of the total number of factories (1,91,063), 75% have fewer than 50 employees, says Annual Survey of Industries, 2015-16.
As most of the enterprises in India are small and medium and operate under a low capital business model, the sudden discontinuation of 95% of cash, followed by the imposition of GST, had directly hit their existence — leading to massive job cuts that reflects in NSSO and CMIE numbers.
Crisis Ahead
Going beyond the electoral narrative of unemployment, India's broken job machine — amid high growth — may turn into a bigger economic problem. As economies (domestic and global) are heading for another slowdown, the job crisis may deepen further in the next few years.
Cross-country evidence suggests nations that manage to grow their savings pool are perpetually the ones that have the ability to create jobs along with economic growth.
India’s household savings ratio had already touched a 20-year low of 16% in FY17 — this number could drop further if the country’s high GDP growth is not accompanied by job creation and real wage growth in the coming months.
Whomsoever India may vote in, the next government will have to adopt tough reforms to get the job machine roaring again in order to prevent a vicious cycle of low consumption-growth — and social instability.
Also read: Job markets in India: New sectors have opened up, yet job loss remains a major concern